The form () Odys(s)eus is used starting in the epic period and through the classical period, but various other forms are also found. Son of Lartes and Anticlea, husband of Penelope, and father of Telemachus, Acusilaus, and Telegonus [3] Odysseus is renowned for his intellectual brilliance, guile, and versatility (polytropos), and is thus known by the epithet Odysseus the Cunning (Greek: , translit. What does Odysseus compare waiting to be reunited with Penelope to? (Theme of hospitality). To a great taloned hawk when a farmer takes away its babies. [30] Odysseus aids Diomedes during the night operations to kill Rhesus, because it had been foretold that if his horses drank from the Scamander River, Troy could not be taken. Latest answer posted February 12, 2021 at 6:44:25 PM. His most distinguishing trait, however, is his sharp intellect. Penelope and the Suitors. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Odysseus lives by the heroic code ofkleos, or fame, which values reputation above everything else. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. On his journey he endures strife comparable to that of Odysseus. Odysseus' ship is the only one to escape. In The Odyssey, how does the character of Odysseus change from the beginning of his quest until the end? Some have supposed that "there may originally have been two separate figures, one called something like Odysseus, the other something like Ulixes, who were combined into one complex personality. You'll also receive an email with the link. He goes to Pylos and Sparta to see if anyone knows where his father is. Guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew cross the ocean and reach a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus sacrifices to the dead and summons the spirit of the old prophet Tiresias for advice. Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer's Iliad and other works in that same epic cycle.[2]. What are the challenges that Odysseus had to face on his journey home? After Polyphemus eats several of his men, he and Odysseus have a discussion and Odysseus tells Polyphemus his name is Outis ("Nobody"). "Mythological Aspects of the 'Return Song' Theme and their Counterparts in North-western Europe". Other sources say that Odysseus and Diomedes goad Palamedes into descending a well with the prospect of treasure being at the bottom. Odysseus is one of the most recurrent characters in Western culture. In Euripides' tragedy Iphigenia at Aulis, having convinced Agamemnon to consent to the sacrifice of his daughter, Iphigenia, to appease the goddess Artemis, Odysseus facilitates the immolation by telling Iphigenia's mother, Clytemnestra, that the girl is to be wed to Achilles. One tradition says Odysseus convinces a Trojan captive to write a letter pretending to be from Palamedes. He hooks a donkey and an ox to his plow (as they have different stride lengths, hindering the efficiency of the plow) and (some modern sources add) starts sowing his fields with salt. The poet begins his recitation by calling upon the muse for inspiration in telling Odysseuss story. He tells how he set out with his men from Circe's island for a journey of exploration to sail beyond the Pillars of Hercules and into the Western sea to find what adventures awaited them. , What type of Federal Court is the United States Tax Court? Odysseus is represented as one of the most influential Greek champions during the Trojan War in Homer's fictional account. Latest answer posted June 12, 2016 at 4:51:53 PM. Gods play a huge role in Greek epics, with personal initiative only going so far. tu deseo. But on his way home victorious Odysseus's ships were blown off course by a storm. To go see tiresias for the profit/to go see it. Question 4 30 seconds Q. At the same time, if Athena had left Odysseus on Calypsos island, he would not have faced so many dangerous situations. The qualities of cunning, disguise, and self-restraint are closely related in The Odyssey - in some ways, they're sides of the same coin. He then, with the help of Telemachus and two slaves, slays Penelopes suitors. [36], The story of the death of Palamedes has many versions. At crucial stages of his quest he's actively prevented by fatein the form of the godsfrom reaching his destination. However, the god Poseidon is Odysseuss sworn enemy, because Odysseus blinded his son, Polyphemus the cyclops. [63], Pliny the Elder writes that in Italy there were some small islands (modern Torricella, Praca, Brace and other rocks)[64] which were called Ithacesiae because of a watchtower that Odysseus built there. Fate can be defined as the destination each man and woman will ultimately reach, which cannot be altered by anyone, not even the gods. His anger, and the fact that he knows the story of the bed, proves his identity. Updates? A sum of gold is mentioned to have been sent as a reward for Palamedes' treachery. (In later tradition, Odysseus was instead the son of Sisyphus and fathered sons by Circe, Calypso, and others.). In vase inscriptions, we find the variants Oliseus (), Olyseus (), Olysseus (), Olyteus (), Olytteus () and lysseus (). The etymology of the name is unknown. In 1986, Irish poet Eilean Ni Chuilleanain published "The Second Voyage", a poem in which she makes use of the story of Odysseus. Odysseus is cunning, or clever, in many instances throughout his journey; one needs cleverness in order to survive in this ancient world of gods and monsters. In Book 19, Penelope declares her intention to remarry. [15] Robert S. P. Beekes has suggested a Pre-Greek origin. Latest answer posted October 01, 2017 at 3:10:24 AM. Odysseuss escape from Polyphemus demonstrates his main character trait: a gift for tactics and trickery. Along with Nestor and Idomeneus he is one of the most trusted counsellors and advisors. Odysseus Odysseus has the defining character traits of a Homeric leader: strength, courage, nobility, a thirst for glory, and confidence in his authority. Odysseus and his crew escape, but Odysseus rashly reveals his real name, and Polyphemus prays to Poseidon, his father, to take revenge. Athena only physically engages in the battle once Odysseus and Telemachus have proven their worthiness by fighting with determination. D U.S. Court of Appeals for the IRS, Where was Cynthia Ann Parker captured? SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. SparkNotes PLUS Continue to start your free trial. What are the suitors' plans for Telemachus? In the account of Dares the Phrygian, Odysseus was illustrated as ". The people of Pheneus also pointed out to him writing, purporting to be instructions of Odysseus to those tending his mares.[48]. She tells him to no longer disguise himself to Telemachus and make a plan to kill the suitors with him. When he returns to Ithaca, he is ready to help Odysseus defeat the suitors. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "cunning intelligence"[4]). Want 100 or more? He is the son of Laertes, the king of Ithaca, and Anticlea and the husband of Penelope and father of a child named Telemachus. In 5th century BC Athens, tales of the Trojan War were popular subjects for tragedies. What does the beggar tell about Odysseus? This illustrates a painting by Charles Bentley engraved by R. Sands, and showing The Black Mountains of Cephalonia in the background. Athena helps Odysseus for several reasons. There are two major conflicts in the Odyssey. He finally escapes when Hermes tells Calypso to release Odysseus. for a group? Nestor and Menelaus tell Telemachus stories about Odysseuss achievements in the Trojan War. In the end, the aid of gods and mortals brings Odysseus home, a humbling experience for a man used to surviving on his wit. Next he visits the Land of Departed Spirits, where he speaks to the spirit of Agamemnon and learns from the Theban seer Tiresias how he can expiate Poseidons wrath. Odysseus' resourcefulness and oratory skills were instrumental in the Greek victory in the Trojan War.After that conflict, Odysseus was the protagonist in many fantastic adventures on his Odyssey, the long voyage back home to Ithaca. Los estudiantes de tu escuela quieren hacer una excursin a un parque de atracciones cerca de tu ciudad. To fight in the Trojan War. When the contest of the bow begins, none of the suitors are able to string the bow. Why does Eurymachus feel that Odysseus should spare the rest of the suitors after killing Antinous? (published in 1836), Letitia Elizabeth Landon gives her version of The Song of the Sirens with an explanation of its purpose, structure and meaning. The Odyssey has evident similarities to Virgil's Aeneid. Odysses.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}, Odyses, IPA:[o.dy(s).sus]), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses (/julsiz/ yoo-LISS-eez, UK also /julsiz/ YOO-liss-eez; Latin: Ulysses, Ulixes), is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the Odyssey. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, with whom does odysseus conspire to retake control of his home ? The journey is potentially dangerous. Odysseus never wanted to go to war at all. When the disguised Odysseus returns after 20 years, he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos. what are Antinous and the other doing in odysseus's house? What does Telemachus think Odysseus is when Odysseus takes off his disguise? King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, and father of Telemachus, former commander in the Trojan War, Odysseus is the flawed, beloved hero of this tale of homecoming and revenge. ", Sold by his father Sisyphus ( ): Philoctetes in. A single-party state is one in which a member of the group of explorers who traveled West. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Next Odysseus meets the spirit of his own mother, who had died of grief during his long absence. While the cyclops is out with his sheep, Odysseus sharpens a piece of wood into a stake and hardens it in the fire. Only Odysseus, Penelope, and one loyal servant have ever seen the bed. Les e\'eetudiants ne travaillent pas tous de la me\^eeme fac\c{c}con. No one in Greek mythology has the power to control their fate. To put them in a vaulted storeroom, but leave two broadswords, two spears, and two shield for their own use. In the Odyssey, what does Teiresias (the prophet in the Land of the Dead) warn Odysseus against in his prophecy? Polyphemus, son of Poseidon, prays to his father to destroy the man who blinded him and Poseidon curses Odysseus to wander the waters for ten years. Fort Parker Answer: Odysseus is treated badly and gets insulted by Antinous. Their marriage bed, literally rooted in the soil of Ithaca, is a powerful symbol of the permanence of home in a world where nothing else seems dependable. Somehow they must make the Cyclops open up the cave. Odysseus is also forced to make the decision regarding whether or not to inform his men about the monster Scylla in order to avoid Charybdis. Greek legend tells of Ulysses as the founder of Lisbon, Portugal, calling it Ulisipo or Ulisseya, during his twenty-year errand on the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. At Athenas request, Zeus orders Hermes to deliver orders to Calypso stating that the exile must return. Zeus even makes Calypso help Odysseus construct a raft to sail home. How many years has it been when Odysseus comes back to Ithaca? Dramatists have explored his potentialities as a man of policies, and romanticists have seen him as a Byronic adventurer. Throughout his entire journey, Athena offers him protection and guidance, which helps Odysseus eventually reach Ithaca. He is also in some respects antithetical to Telamonian Ajax (Shakespeare's "beef-witted" Ajax): while the latter has only brawn to recommend him, Odysseus is not only ingenious (as evidenced by his idea for the Trojan Horse), but an eloquent speaker, a skill perhaps best demonstrated in the embassy to Achilles in book 9 of the Iliad. Who helps in killing the suitors (besides Odysseus)? Some Roman writers (including Virgil and Statius) tended to disparage him as the destroyer of Romes mother city, Troy; others (such as Horace and Ovid) admired him. Finally, Odysseus' men convince him to leave for Ithaca. Because he was different from the rest of the men and wanted to ask if he had seen Odysseus. The Odyssey is the story of a man, Odysseus, on a journey back to his home, Ithaca. Odysseus, King of Ithica, was sent into battle soon after his son was born. Subscribe now. The description of Penelope entering the storeroom is a clever foreshadowing of what the fates have in store for the suitors: [Penelope] quickly untied the thong/attached to the hook and passed the key through the hole / and, with a practiced aim, she shot back the bolt. What are the challenges that Odysseus had to face on his journey home? The goddess Athena is Odysseuss patron. Upon their arrival, Philoctetes (still suffering from the wound) is seen still to be enraged at the Danaans, especially at Odysseus, for abandoning him. That he shall be returning home soon enough. However, when sailing away, he cannot resist shouting his name to Polyphemus, exclaiming over his victory. Dont have an account? they eat and eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. What happens to Argus after encountering Odysseus? Suitors fill his palace, and though Penelope seems to care only for her husband, Odysseus has experienced enough treachery along his journey to know that she could be covering up deceit. Rolf Riehm composed an opera based on the myth, Sirenen Bilder des Begehrens und des Vernichtens (Sirens Images of Desire and Destruction) which premiered at the Oper Frankfurt in 2014. But these must always be carried out in strict adherence to the overall plan that has been set downor fatedby the gods. He tells Telemachus that he will replenish his stocks by raiding nearby islands. He keeps in mind the future of his people, fitting for the future Father of Rome. After almost nine years, Odysseus finally leaves Calypso and at last arrives in Ithaca, where his wife, Penelope, and son, Telemachus, have been struggling to maintain their authority during his prolonged absence. What does Athena tell Odysseus to do? By inviting Telemachus to the feast without knowing who he is, Nestor demonstrates the ancient Greek custom of hospitality known asxenia. Odysseuss wanderings and the recovery of his house and kingdom are the central theme of the Odyssey, an epic in 24 books that also relates how he accomplished the capture of Troy by means of the wooden horse. As Ulysses, he is mentioned regularly in Virgil's Aeneid written between 29 and 19 BC, and the poem's hero, Aeneas, rescues one of Ulysses' crew members who was left behind on the island of the Cyclopes. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. When Agamemnon, to test the morale of the Achaeans, announces his intentions to depart Troy, Odysseus restores order to the Greek camp. He believes Odysseus is a god because he has powers that the average man does not. He was mauldin (which means foolishly sentimental) and was having a hard time trying to control his emotions. Together with Diomedes, Odysseus fetches Achilles' son, Pyrrhus, to come to the aid of the Achaeans, because an oracle had stated that Troy could not be taken without him. He does this to check the potential of the suitors and examines how his home has been kept for while he has been away. In TheOdyssey, why does Odysseus tell Polyphemus that his name is Nobody? Since a prophecy suggested that the Trojan War would not be won without Achilles, Odysseus and several other Achaean leaders are described in the Achilleid as having gone to Skyros to find him. He has been left to die on a pile of dung, not having a master to take care of him. Latest answer posted January 21, 2021 at 11:02:00 AM. Odysseus has a reputation as a clever manand orchestrates the Greek's winning pass in The Iliad. Ovid retells parts of Ulysses' journeys, focusing on his romantic involvements with Circe and Calypso, and recasts him as, in Harold Bloom's phrase, "one of the great wandering womanizers". Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! One day Odysseus fell asleep, and Eurylochus convinced the men to eat the Cattle of the Sun: it's better to die at sea from the wrath of the gods, he said, than to die of hunger. [39] In any case, Odysseus is the winner. [51] A further poetical illustration, also in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837, is to an engraving of a painting by Charles Bentley, Town and Harbour of Ithaca. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Virgil tells the story of Aeneas and his travels to what would become Rome. [23] The rumour went that Lartes bought Odysseus from the conniving king. "In Book 21 of Homer's Odyssey, who controls the store room, and why does this person have control?" Imagine being were swept away from home, away from everything that was dear, to fight a war that was not your own. However, the actions of gods and humans can determine the nature of the journey towards one's final destiny. / Strangersfriends, who are you? Homer emphasizes these rituals throughout the poem whenever proper hosts meet strangers. [42] Odysseus and Diomedes steal the Palladium that lay within Troy's walls, for the Greeks were told they could not sack the city without it. The two Argives became embroiled in a heavy dispute about one another's merits to receive the reward. He draws the wrestling match, and with the help of the goddess Athena, he wins the race.[33]. C IRS Court ; Odysseus blinds the cyclops and escapes his island, unknowingly angering the Greek god of the sea, Poseidon. Relatively little is given of Odysseus' fictional background other than that according to Pseudo-Apollodorus, his paternal grandfather or step-grandfather is Arcesius, son of Cephalus and grandson of Aeolus, while his maternal grandfather is the thief Autolycus, son of Hermes[19] and Chione. Whenever he can, Odysseus punishes hosts who break this rule. Penelope has not seen her husband for many years. [66][67][69] Ancient authors identified it with Olisipo (modern Lisbon), but modern researchers believe that even its existence is uncertain. The poem, like the others of the cycle, is "lost" in that no authentic version has been discovered. She tests Odysseus by ordering her servant Eurycleia to move their marriage bed. What word is used to describe Odysseus talking to Penelope? Although a person's fate is ultimately determined, the nature of their journey towards their final destination can be manipulated by the gods and humans to a Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this answer and thousands more. And so well does Demodocus sing the story of the horse that tears . include at least two ways that Indigenous peoples were af He alone survives the ensuing storm and reaches the idyllic island of the nymph Calypso. /As a bull roars in a meadow when it is grazing: / just so did the door to the storeroom roar as it opened (21:45-49). Corrections? The suitors, sapping Odysseus's comforts, personify self-indulgence, lawlessness, savagery, and desire; for Odysseus to complete his conquest over these uncivilized, savage traits a conquest . Telamonian Ajax ("The Greater"), however, is the volunteer who eventually fights Hector. In her poem Site of the Castle of Ulysses. He does everything he can to prevent Odysseus from returning home. Eyvind Johnson: Strndernas svall, Bonniers 2004", "Genius Lyrics - Frank Turner, Journey of the Magi", Ariadne's Thread: A Guide to International Tales Found in Classical Literature, "Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3.13, note 21", http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.4.3 Strabo, Geography, 3.2.13, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Odysseia, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, Book I, 72, "Archaeological discovery in Greece may be the tomb of Odysseus" from the, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odysseus&oldid=1152640177, Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Etruscan-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 12:53. However, the sailors foolishly open the bag while Odysseus sleeps, thinking that it contains gold. According to Homer, Odysseus was king of Ithaca, son of Laertes and Anticleia (the daughter of Autolycus of Parnassus), and father, by his wife, Penelope, of Telemachus. The literary theorist Nria Perpiny conceived twenty different interpretations of the Odyssey in a 2008 study.[54]. Your response should [46] According to the legends Odysseus lost his mares and traversed the Greece in search of them. Odysseuss bravery and skill in fighting are demonstrated repeatedly, and his wiliness is shown most notably in the night expedition he undertakes with Diomedes against the Trojans. Oonly one political party is allowed. In fact, each era has reinterpreted the man of many turns in its own way, without destroying the archetypal figure. Odysseus and Telemachus face great odds when they take on the 108 suitors vying for Penelopes hand at the palace. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. The actors who have portrayed Odysseus in feature films include Kirk Douglas in the Italian Ulysses (1955), John Drew Barrymore in The Trojan Horse (1961), Piero Lulli in The Fury of Achilles (1962), and Sean Bean in Troy (2004). Odysseus is the hero of The Luck of Troy (1961) by Roger Lancelyn Green, whose title refers to the theft of the Palladium. Turnus, in Aeneid, book 9, reproaches the Trojan Ascanius with images of rugged, forthright Latin virtues, declaring (in John Dryden's translation), "You shall not find the sons of Atreus here, nor need the frauds of sly Ulysses fear." He then encounters the Sirens, Scylla and Charybdis, and the Cattle of the Sun, which his companions, despite warnings, plunder for food. answer choices Classical Greek writers presented him sometimes as an unscrupulous politician, sometimes as a wise and honourable statesman. Safe on board their ships and with Polyphemus's flock on board as well, Odysseus calls to land and reveals his true identity. Odysseus woke up to find that the men had broken their oaths and killed some cattle. .tough, crafty, cheerful, of medium height, eloquent, and wise."[18]. Odysseus protests that this cannot be done since he made the bed himself and knows that one of its legs is a living olive tree. Some members of the Lewis Clark expedition kept journals or diaries. In Book 19 of the Odyssey, where Odysseus' early childhood is recounted, Euryclea asks the boy's grandfather Autolycus to name him. However, reaching his home is not a simple task and Odysseus must fight to get back and take his rightful seat as king of Ithaca once again. Euryclea seems to suggest a name like Polyaretos, "for he has much been prayed for" () but Autolycus "apparently in a sardonic mood" decided to give the child another name commemorative of "his own experience in life":[13] "Since I have been angered ( odyssamenos) with many, both men and women, let the name of the child be Odysseus". Usando la frase a continuacin expresa The Odysseybegins with the invocation of the muse, which is a distinct literary characteristic typical of epic poetry. In the Iliad, Odysseus appears as the man best suited to cope with crises in personal relations among the Greeks, and he plays a leading part in achieving the reconciliation between Agamemnon and Achilles. How does Athena make Odysseus look? Fort Bliss Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The best answer to this question acknowledges Athenas aid but also Odysseuss own bravery, which he displays many times throughout his adventures. How does he treat Odysseus when he enters his own home? Odysseus was displaced from his home after the battle of Troy which took place many years before. Homer describes the key, giving it significance, as bent; "goodly," which suggests large; made of bronze; and having a handle of ivory. Although a person's fate is ultimately determined, the nature of their journey towards their final destination can be manipulated by the gods and humans to a certain degree. Who does Odysseus encounter in the Land Of The Dead in Homer's Odyssey? When the bard Demodocus sings a story about Odysseus' achievements in the Trojan War, Odysseus weeps. However, the motives for both of their journeys differ as Aeneas was driven by this sense of duty granted to him by the gods that he must abide by. He appears in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida (1602), set during the Trojan War. The supposed last poem in the Epic Cycle is called the Telegony and is thought to tell the story of Odysseus' last voyage, and of his death at the hands of Telegonus, his son with Circe. Please wait while we process your payment. Odysseus takes a barrel of wine and the Cyclops drinks it, falling asleep. At the beginning of his adventure, although placed nearly a third of the way through the story, Odysseus and his men are captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus. Athena puts the idea into Penelope's mind to go to the storeroom, described as "the most distant storeroom" (21:7), and retrieve the bow and axe heads so that she can place them in front of the suitors. Odysseus must fight monsters, Cyclopes and more . How do Odysseus and Telemachus defeat the suitors? Circe, being attracted to Odysseus' resistance, falls in love with him and releases his men. Why does Odysseus go to Hades, the land of the dead? He treats him badly, not giving him any food that isn't even his. There are moments, certainly, when Odysseus has choices and when he could have made better ones. Homer portrayed Odysseus as a man of outstanding wisdom and shrewdness, eloquence, resourcefulness, courage, and endurance. He feels the sheep as they leave, to make sure his prisoners arent escaping too, but Odysseus and his men are clinging to the sheeps bellies. . He teases him, threatens him, and throws a stool at him. Odysseus is shipwrecked and befriended by the Phaeacians. To see if he is the true Odysseus, she asks her maid to move his bed outside the bedchamber but his bed cannot be moved because it is carved from a tree. He explains that he built their bedroom around an ancient olive tree, and used the top of the tree to make their bedpost. . lowed. After twenty years, how does Odysseus . Books VIXIII describe his wanderings between Troy and Ithaca: he first comes to the land of the Lotus-Eaters and only with difficulty rescues some of his companions from their ltos-induced lethargy; he encounters and blinds Polyphemus the Cyclops, a son of Poseidon, escaping from his cave by clinging to the belly of a ram; he loses 11 of his 12 ships to the cannibalistic Laistrygones and reaches the island of the enchantress Circe, where he has to rescue some of his companions whom she had turned into swine. For instance, in her first speech of the poem, she states that her heart breaks for Odysseus, and later Nestor recalls how much she lavished care on brave Odysseus, years ago in the land of Troy.. [14] Odysseus often receives the patronymic epithet Laertiades (), "son of Lartes". In Book 21, the storeroomwhich is in the control of Penelope because it contains Odysseus's most valuable treasuresbecomes crucial to Odysseus's revenge upon the suitors because it contains Odysseus's bow: the instrument with which Odysseus will begin the slaughter. She tells him to no longer disguise himself to Telemachus and make a plan to kill the suitors with him. Just as Penelope takes a "practiced aim" and "shot back the bolt," words usually employed in the description of an archer taking aim and shooting an arrow, Odysseus shortly will be taking exactly the same actions in his revenge upon the suitors. Even heroes sometimes allow their emotions to get the better of them. Bloom's day turns out to bear many elaborate parallels to Odysseus' ten years of wandering. Ulysses 31 is a French-Japanese animated television series (1981) that updates the Greek mythology of Odysseus to the 31st century.[55]. More importantly, by taking advantage of his absence, the suitors have insulted Odysseus and damaged his reputation. In the space provided, write the letter of the choice that is most nearly the same in meaning as the
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